History of Western Biomedicine
ANCIENT PERIOD - 499 A.D.
- Briefly about the end of the Mycenaean Civilization - Perseus/Tufts U.
- An overview of the classical Greek
and the Italian regions - Interactive Ancient Mediterranean, Univ of North Carolina/Chapel Hill (US)
- Archeological Sites of Hellas - Hellenic Ministry of Culture (GR)
- Greek Medicine from the Gods to Galen - NLM, History of Medicine Div. (US)
- Greek Medicine from Homer to Soranus,
and from Galen to Aetius - King's College London (UK)
- Greek Medicine [W Osler; 1923 printing] - Etext Center, Univ of Virginia (US)
- Medicine in Ancient Greece,
and about Greek & Roman Surgical Instruments - The Asclepion/U. of Indiana (US)
- The Medicine of Ancient Greece - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
- About Aesculapius - Encyclopedia Mythica
- About The Alexandrian School
from the Antiqua Medicina site at Univ of Virginia (US)
- Medicine in Homer - U of Indiana
- About Apollo - Mythography
- About Healer Cults and Sanctuaries - U of Virginia
- About the Asklepieions at Epidauros,
and Pergamon - Persueus/Tufts Univ.
- About Alcmaeon of Croton - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- About the Library of Alexandria - Perseus/Tufts Univ.,
and its destruction [P Chesser] - Ohio State Univ. (US)
- About Herophilus of Chalcedon (ca. 320 - unknown BC) - Answers.com,
and Erasistratus of Chios (ca. 304 - ca. 250 BC) - Wolfram Research (US)
- About Erasistratus of Chios [M Kahanas] - Hellenica-
- Erasistratus Discovering the Cause of Antiochus' Disease [J-L David 1774]
- On The neurology in the Hellenistic era: An harmonization of the philosophy with the science [SJ Baloyannis] - Encephalos (GR)
- Hippocrates Works [transl. F Adams] - (AU)
- Digital Hippocrates [a collection of ancient medical texts]
- Selected Works by Hippocrates - Tech Classics Archive,
and the Oath of Hippocrates - Univ of Virginia (US)
- (A Modern version of the Oath [L Lasagna 1964] )
- Greek Medicine and Life Science [A Gregory; lecture handout, MS Word] - Univ. College London (UK)
- Aristotle (384-322 BC) - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- Some Selected Works by Aristotele,
including Metaphysics - Tech Classics Archive (US)
- About Archimedes Palimpsest [Netz and Noel],
and a video presentation at Google
- About the (physician's) Pyxis - Perseus Project, Tufts Univ. (US)
- The Presocratic Influence upon Hippocratic Medicine [C. Colarusso] - Perseus Proj., Tufts Univ. (US)
- Aristotle on Teeth [A. Marcogliese] - Perseus Proj., Tufts Univ. (US)
- Plato and His Dialogues [SF Bernard]
- Plato, Aristotle, and "Hippocrates" on the Heart [A Marcogliese] - Perseus Proj., Tufts Univ. (US)
- A Brief History of Clocks: From Thales to Ptolemy [J Weissman] - Perseus Proj., Tufts Univ. (US)
- A few highlights in the Ancient History of Optics [LS Taylor]
- On Garlic's Ancient Serpent Connection [JM McMahon] - Le Moyne Coll.
- On the Plague in Athens [Thucydides: 2.48-55],
about Thucydides' report [C Colarusso] - Perseus Proj., Tufts Univ. (US),
and about a Mass Burial - via Archaeological Inst. of America
- Plague in the Ancient World [CA Smith]
- The Thucydides Syndrome: Ebola Déjà Vu? [Olsen et al] - CDC (US)
- History of the Olympics - Aachen (DE)
- Periodical (AD 1 - AD 2000) Historical Atlas of Europe [C Nüssli, 2002]
- On Circumcision in the Old Testament/Genesis 17
- About Pedanius Dioscorides (ca. 40-90 AD) - Wikipedia,
and about his De Materia Medica - UC/SF (US)
- About Vienna Dioscorides from De Materia Medica, 512
and some more images - Wikimedia Commons
- What is an Herb? - Univ. of Virginia
- About Mandrake - Wikipedia,
and the History of Deadly Nightshade [Atropa Belladonna] - Botanical.Com
- About Etruscan and Roman Medicine
and The Doctor in Roman Society - U of Virginia
- Surgical Instruments from Ancient Rome - Univ of Virginia, Health Sci Library (US)
- Vatican Library Exhibit: Medicine & Biology - NCSA/University of Illinois (US)
- A note about the Basilica of Saints Cosman and Damian (patrons of physicians and pharmacists)
- On the Physical Death of Jesus Christ [Edwards et al.]
- About Forum Romanum [D Camden],
and an Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors [RD Weigel]
- We All Must Die [Quintus Horatius Flaccus; transl by S Johnson 1760]
- De Medicina [A Cornelius Celsus] - Bibliotheca Augustana
- About Claudius Galen of Pergamum (c. 131-201 AD) - Malaspina
- Galen: Influence for 45 Generations - Dodd Memorial Library, CMC Vellore
- Selected Works by Galen - Tech Classics Archive (US).
- A note on Ancient Myths and Avian Pestilence - EID cover, Aug 2005
- About Soranus of Ephesus [TNK Raju] - via Neonatology.org
- Fanns det läkare på Jesu tid? [T-L Strindberg; in Swedish]
- Augustine: Confessions [an electronic edition],
and on the Problem of Evil
- History of Psychology: The Ancients [CG Boeree]
- Midwives and Maternity Care in the Roman World [V French]
- Diotima: Study of Women and Gender in the Ancient World [R Scaife]
- Medicina Antiqua - Wellcome Trust (UK)
- About Rotation of the Elements [J. Opsopaus] - Meta-Religion
- About Eleusis, and the Eleusinian Mysteries - Ecyclopedia Mythica
- Some Antique Roman Dishes [M Pantke]
MEDIEVAL PERIOD, 500 - 1450
- Medieval Medicine [W Osler; 1923 printing] - Etext Center, University of Virginia(US)
- Hellenistic-Roman Medicine. Arab Medicine. Medieval Times - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
- Medieval Manuscripts - NLM (US)
- On Medicine in Medieval Times [S Wallace] - Mostly Medieval
- The MacKinney Collection of Medieval Medical Illustrations - Univ of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Libraries (US)
- A Medieval technology Timeline [PJ Gans]
- Byzantine Medicine - U of Virginia
- On how The Great Plague devastates Constantinople, AD 541-543
- Procopius: The Plague, 542 - Medieval Sourcebook
- Un Viaggio Nella Medicina Medievale (Europa) [in Italian] - Accademia Jaufre' Rudel (IT)
- The Articella - NLM, History of Medicine Div. (US)
- Some Case Studies of Medieval Medicine - U of Virginia
- An extract from Paul of Aegina: Epitome - On the Fracture of the Thigh and Nose [P Halsall]
- On the Sick - Rule of Benedict, Chapter 36
- Arabic Numerals [PJ Gans]
- The Impact of Translations of Muslim Sciences on the West [summary of article by S Zaimeche, Mar 2003] - MuslimHeritage.com
- About the Life & Works of Hildegard von Bingen (1098-1179) - (US),
some Internet sites discussing her life and work - J Gutenberg Univ. (DE),
some more related material and links
- Population Estimates (1000 - 1700) [PJ Gans]
- On the Principles of Nature [Thomas Aquinas; transl. by G Klima] - Fordham Univ.
- Sur l'Art de l'Alchimie [Thomas D'Aquin; in French]
- On Magnets and the Roman d'Ene'as,
and the invention of spectacles [PJ Gans]
- About Guy de Chauliac (c. 1300-1368) - OldAndSold
- On the Early Treatment of Bladder Stones - Collect Medical Antiques
- La Scuola Medica Salernitana [in Italian]
- 'The Salerno Book of Health' [Sir J Harington/I Carr] - Univ of Manitoba (CA)
- Some brief notes about La Scuola Medica Salernitana
and a few Biografie di medici medievali [in Italian] - (IT)
- Salerno, the Mother of Medical Schools - NLM, History of Medicine Div. (US)
- About Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum - Wikipedia
- Rogerius (Salernitanus) (surgeon, 12th century) - Wikipedia
- About Trotula of Salerno - Malaspina Great Books
- About some Patron Saints of the Medical Field - Catholic Community Forum
- History of Psychology: Middle Ages [CG Boeree]
- An illustration of a Dissection around 1300 A.D.
- The Foundation of the University of Heidelberg A.D. 1386 - Avalon Project/Yale (US)
- Health and Medieval Daily Life - Annenberg/CPB
- Some notes on Medieval Medicine, a Web project by [J Yousif] - Univ of Oklahoma (US)
- On Medieval Medicine
and Misconceptions about Medieval Medicine [BL Grigsby]
- Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe [T Mack] - Virginia Tech (US)
- The Plague - Decamerone Web
- On Public morals in renaissance Florence - Rice Univ.,
and Concerning A Mortality in the City of Florence in Which Many People Died [M di Coppo Stefani, 1348] - Univ. of Virginia/Charlottesville (US)
- Poisoning through the ages [student group work] - Univ of Edinburgh (UK)
- About Poisons and Antidotes in the Middle Ages [information collected by MS Harris]
- Mythical Plants of the Middle Ages [JL Matterer]
- An Anatomical Illustration [from late 13th century] - Bodleian Library, Oxford (UK)
- Scholasticism in the 13th Century - J Maritain Center
- Explore the Ancients and Alchemists - Chemical Heritage Foundation
- A brief note about the alchemist Pseudo-Geber ('False Geber') - Wikipedia
- Curriculum dell'Universita' de Bologna del 1407 [in Italian] - Accademia Jaufre' Rudel
- About Roger Bacon ('Doctor Mirabilis') - Catholic Encyclopedia
- Roger Bacon: Tract on the Tincture and Oil of Antimony
- Roger Bacon's Place in the History of Alchemy, a personal view [E Brehm]
- A collection of Alchemy related texts - The Alchemy Web Site
- Witchcraft Documents (15th Century) - Medieval Source Book
- About Johann Weyer (1515-1588) - Wikipedia
- Brief notes on The Philosopher's Stone - the Mystica
- Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry [a medieval book of hours] - Univ of Chicago (US)
- On Medieval Household Pest Control [P Robertshaw] - (UK)
- About Medieval Hospitals - Dodd Memorial Library, Vellore (IN)
- The Old Operating Theatre, Herb Garret, St Thomas's Hospital - (UK)
- Medicine in the 13-16th centuries: Universities, Hospitals, Anatomical Revolution - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
- On the History of Quarantine - NOVA
- The Medieval Review [reviews of books within the area Medieval Studies] - Western Michigan Univ. (US)
EARLY MODERN PERIOD, 1451 - 1600
- Gutenberg bible (about 1454) - British Library
- A Physician's Handbook (Wellcome WMS.8004),
and 'Turning the Pages' - The Wellcome Trust
- About Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) - Wikipedia
- De Humani Corporis Fabrica [A Vesalius, 1543, 1555] - NorthWestern Univ. (US)
- De Humani Corporis Fabrica [A Vesalius - 'Turn the Pages'/NLM (US)
- About some Works by Vesalius - Vanderbilt U.,
and a woodcut from his Fabrica
- The Body Revealed: Renaissance and Baroque Anatomical Illustration, an exhibition 1996 at the Univ of Glasgow, Special Collections (UK)
- About George Bartisch
and an exhibit of his Ophthalmodouleia; Das ist Augendienst at Duke Univ Med C Libr/Trent Collection (US)
- A Historical Tour of Ophthalmology - MRCOphth
- Dante's Inferno in print - Italnet, Univ. of Notre Dame (US),
and a Diagram of the Inferno - CCCCD (US)
- Painting of Christ Among the Doctors (1506) by Albrecht Dürer - Web Museum, via Berkeley
- Natural Magick by JB Porta [S Davis] - (US).
- About PA Mattioli's Commentarii/Herbal - UC/SF (US)
- Anatomia del corpo humano [J Valverde de Amusco] - Vatican Library Exhibit (US)
- The Treasure of Treasures for Alchemists [by Paracelsus]
- A short history of bathing before 1601 [JA Heise]
- About the Miasma theory of disease - Wikipedia
- Paracelsus and The Medical Revolution of the Renaissance [AG Debus] - NLM (US).
- Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim called Paracelsus; his personality and influence as physician, chemist and reformer [JM Stillman, 1920]
- About the Zurich Paracelsus Project
- The Renaissance and the Rise of Anatomy and Physiology
and The Rise and Development of Modern Medicine [W Osler; 1923 printing] - Etext Center, Univ of Virginia (US)
- Brief biography of "School of Athens" [painting by Rafael 1508-11]
- Some Anatomical Drawings & Sketches by Leonardo da Vinci - Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research (CH),
a few More Drawings from the Web Museum,
and some downloadable drawings
- About Leonardo da Vinci - Museum of Science
- The Vitruvian Man, 1492 [MJ Gorman] - Stanford,
and Wkipedia's version
- The Triumph of Death by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, 1562
- Tregement der ghesontheyt [Maginus of Milan], Dutch transl. 1514 - Koninklijke Bibliotheek (NL)
- About Santorio Santorio - Institute & Museum of the History of Science, Florence (IT),
and some more information - Rice Univ. (US)
- About Ambroise Paré - Wikipedia
- Oeuvres [A Paré] - 'Turn the Pages'/NLM (US)
- History of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh - (UK)
- About the Barber-Surgeon onboard the Mary Rose (sunk 1545), Portsmouth
- Brief History of Cesarean Section - NLM (US).
- A Historical View of Padova, including a note about the Anatomy Theatre - (IT)
- De la Subtilite' by Hierome Cardanus, 1566 - Univ of California/Irvine (US)
- About Wilhelm Fabry, surgeon (1560-1634) [in German] - Hilden (DE)
MODERN PERIOD, 1601 -
- On The Doctrine of Signatures - Paghat the Ratgirl
- About the christian mystic Jacob Böhme (Boehme) [B Janz]
- The 17th century: Scientific Revolution. Circulation of the Blood. The Doctrine of Contagion - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
- De vocis auditusque organis historia anatomica [G Casseri, 1561-1616] - Clendening Library, Univ of Kansas (US)
- Some Historical Documents on Scurvy - Vanderbilt U. (US)
- About Gaspare Tagliacozzi
and Marcello Malpighi [in Italian],
in the History of the Univ. of Bologna [in Italian] - (IT)
- Marcello Malpighi - Catholic Encyclopedia
- About Francis Bacon (1561-1626) - Wikipedia,
and his Novum Organum, 1620 - Hanover Historical Texts Project
- Mikrokosmographia: A Description of the Body of Man [facsimile H Crooke, 1615] - Univ of Pennsylvania
- About "The Anatomy Lecture" of Nicolaes Tulp [Rembrandt 1632],
and a picture
- About the Anatomical Theatre [in Swedish] - Uppsala (SE)
- The Anatomy Theatre at Leiden [image]
- About Rembrandt's Anatomy Lesson of Prof. Nicolaes Tulp (1632) [AC Masquelet]
- About William Harvey (1578-1657) - Wolfram Research (US)
- A Note about William Harvey - The Biotech Chronicles
- On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals [W Harvey, 1628] - Modern History Sourcebook
- A Brief Note on Giovanni Alfonso Borelli - Inst & Museum of the History of Science, Florence (IT),
and on the History of Spinal Biomechanics - (HU)
- On Galen's Humours,
on the rise of anatomy,
and on the emergence of a mechanistic view [of the mind] - The Brain Project (AU)
- About Thomas Willis (1621-75) - Wikipedia,
and a Brief Biography [RME Sabbatini]
- The Robert Boyle Project - Univ of London (UK)
- History of the Thermometer [A. Van Helden] - (US)
- Who really invented lenses? - Optics1, Inc.
- An illustration of Descarte's theory of vision, 1644
- Important Dates in Vision Science 1660-1960 - University of California/Irvine (US)
- About Antony van Leeuwenhoek - Berkeley (US)
- Pictures of one of Leeuwenhoek's early instruments - ArsMachina
- Hidden Secrets in the Royal Society Archive (about A van Leeuwenhoek) [BJ Ford] - (UK)
- Leeuwenhoek's Perception of the Spermatozoa [EG Ruestow]
- About Robert Hooke - Berkeley (US),
and 'England's Leonardo' (Robert Hooke 1653-1703) [A Chapman] - (UK)
- Micrographia [R Hooke] - 'Turn the Pages'/NLM (US)
- A picture of Hooke's Compound Microscope - ArsMachina
- Parasites likely to have plagued Louis XIV [A Dorozynski] - BMJ
- Sir Isaac Newton - (UK),
and his death mask - via Galileo proj., Rice Univ (US)
- On Mechanical and Iatrochemical Theories in 17th-Century Physiology [A Clericuzio] - (AU)
- On the early history of the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London - (UK)
- The Operator for the Teeth (first English book in Dentistry, 1685) - Univ of Birmingham/Dentistry (UK)
- On the Great Plague in 1665 - Historic-UK
- citation: A remarkable case in the history of obstretical surgery .... [abstract only] - via PubMed
- The end of the 17th century, the beginning of the 18th century. Spontaneous generation, genesis based on scabies, microscopic anatomy, anatomical waxworks - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
--- 18th Century ---
- The Life Sciences in the 18th Century,
and The Chemical Revolution [A Gregory; lecture handouts, MS Word] - Univ. College London (UK)
- Pictures of some Early Chemical Laboratories - Deutsches Museum OnLine, München (DE)
- The 18th century. Clinical anatomy and the pathology of organs. Spallanzani. Jenner - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
- About Antoine Laurent Lavoisier - Chemical Heritage Foundation
- Demise of Phlogiston [E Thall] - Florida Community College (US)
- On Phlogiston and the Decomposition of Water [J Priestley]
- Phlogiston After Oxygen [D Allchin] - SHiPS
- 27 anatomical plates [P de Cortona], (1618-16??) 1741 - Hardin Library, Univ of Iowa (US)
- About Nicolas Andry - The Grandfather of orthopaedics [R Kohler]
- Twenty Medical Classics of the Jefferson Era (Hunter, Laennec, Morgagni, ...) - U of Virginia/Historical Collections (US)
- Of Bladder Stones and Nursery Rhymes (about Frere Jacques Beaulier/'Brother John') - Collect Medical Antiques,
and a couple of portraits - via PubMed Central
- Captain Cook and the Scourge of Scurvy - BBC (UK)
- About Joseph Priestley and the Discovery of Oxygen - Bath (UK)
- Discoveries in oxygenic photosynthesis (1727–2003): a perspective [G and D Krogmann], 2004
- Brief note about Luigi Galvani - IEEE
- On the History of the Celsius Temperature Scale [O Beckman] - Univ of Uppsala (SE)
- The Linnaeus Server - NRM (SE)
- About Lamarck & His Theory of Evolution [TE Hart] - The Victorian Web (US),
and a painting of Lamarck
- About Thomas Malthus - Berkeley (US)
- Brief History of Immunology [JL Shellaas] - Butler Univ.
- Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccination - U of S Carolina (US)
- The Jenner Museum - (UK)
- Three Orginial Publications On Vaccination Against Smallpox, 1798 - Modern History Sourcebook
- The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert project
- About James Graham's Celestial Bed - Museum-of-Hoaxes
- About the Pasteur & Galt Apothecary Shop in Williamsburg - Virginia (US)
- Some Illustrations (Obstetrics) from W Smellie's Kupfertafeln nebst ihren beygefügten Erklärungen, 1754
- Some selected historical anatomical works of the Polib project, Universites Lille (FR)
- About Samuel Thomas von Soemmering (1755 - 1830) - Wikipedia
- About Joseph Black (1728-99)
- History of Gas Laws [E Thall]
- About Amedeo di Quaregna e Ceretto (comte Avogadro) (in French) [M D'Amboise],
and about Avogadro's number - American Scientist
- Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses ... and Proportions .. [LRAC Avogadro 1811; transl.]
- About William Withering and Digitalis purpurea - TAMU (US)
- Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 1757-- - Oxford (UK)
- Philipe Pinel unchains the insane - Dodd Memorial Library, CMC Vellore
--- 19th Century ---
- An Overview of Medicine 1800-1899 - BookRags
- Nature of Disease: The Nineteenth Century Medical Revolution [I Carr] - Univ of Manitoba (CA)
- First part of the 19th century. Semeiotics, Sanitary assistance, Cell Pathology, and Microbiology - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
- Discovery and Early Uses of Iodine (goiter therapy)[L Rosenfeld]
- About John Dalton (1766-1844) - Chemical Heritage Foundation
- About Justus von Liebig - Wikipedia,
and some Chemische Briefe [in German] - Universität Giessen (DE)
- On Cutaneous Diseases [R Willan; 1808] - via Wellcome Trust
- Nils Berner Sorensen: Therapia Generalis, in Norwegian [H Sandvik] - University of Bergen (NO)
- JJ Berzelius (1779-1848) - Wikipedia
- Explore the History of the Chemistry of Life - Chemical Heritage Foundation
- Some Selected Classic Papers in Chemistry [C Giunta] - Le Moyne College (US)
- About Michael Faraday - Wikipedia,
and about his work at the Royal Institute of Great Britain
- About William Beaumont and Gastric Secretion - Stanford (US)
- About Claude Bernard - Wikipedia,
and the Claude Bernard Museum
- On the History of the Periodic Table - SchoolScience
- About Dmitriy Mendeleev [links]
- The history of diagnostic technology for diseases of the lungs [CPW Warren]
- An 'Interview' With Guillaume Dupuytren - Maitrise Orthopaedique (FR)
- About René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laennec - The Catholic Encyclopedia,
a photoprint,
a scene from l'Hopital Necker - NLM,
and a Laennec stethoscope
- From the History of Pulmonary Examination - Univ of Washington/Medicine (US)
- Some brief notes on the History of Microscopes - Molecular Expressions
- On the History of the Stethoscope - Medical Antiques Online
- The history of diagnostic technology for diseases of the lungs [CPW Warren]
- Baron Jean-Louis Alibert, the founder of French Dermatology [D Wallach]
- A letter by Elizabeth Blackwell, 1851, re the education of women physicians - American Memory
- Images from Mascagni's Anatomica Universa [1823-32] - via Hardin Library, Univ of Iowa (US)
- “Indecent and Demoralising Representations”: Public Anatomy Museums in mid-Victorian England [AW Bates] - Med Hist, Jan 2008, via PubMedCentral
- About Ignaz Semmelweis [JA Strong] - ProjectCREATION
- The Childbed Fever Mystery and the Meaning of Medical Journalism (about Ignaz Semmelweis) [CE Caplan] - McGill Univ. (CA)
- Virtual Exhibits at the American Academy of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery
- Some pictures of hearing aids - Sound and Fury
- A Timeline of Hearing Devices and Early Deaf Education - Bernard Becker Medical Library, WUSTL (US)
- Frankenstein Exhibition - NLM
- The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde [RL Stevenson]
- Die Schöne und der Wolf (Atlas der Hautkrankheiten 1856) - (DE)
- The Functions of the Brain: Gall to Ferrier (1808-1886) [RM Young] - (UK)
- About Archibald Scott Couper (1831-92) - Chemical Heritage Foundation
- About Friedrich Kekulé von Stradonitz - Wikipedia
- About Friedrich Wöhler - Wikipedia,
and On the Artificial Production of Urea [F Wöhler, 1828]
- About Richard Bright - Father of Nephrology,
from the Roscoe R Robinson History of Nephrology Collection - Vanderbilt Univ. (US)
- The Lusk Kidney [CM DiGrazia]
- About Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila ('Father of Toxicology') - Wikipedia
- History of the Charite of Berlin [HS Schutta] - Berlin (DE)
- (David) Livingstone Online - Wellcome Trust (UK)
- Health Situation in Nineteenth Century England - Victorian Web
- From Edwin Chadwick's Report on the Sanitary Conditions in Great Britain, 1842 [L. Del Col]
- History of Anesthesia - The Royal College of Anaesthetists (UK)
- About Horace Wells (nitrous oxide anaesthesia)
and a brief note about his daybook at the Menczer Museum, Hartford (US)
- Hinckley's Who Was Who on Ether Day, Oct 16th, 1846 - Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital (US),
a comment [SC Schatzki],
and some more comments [A Shafer]
- Utopian Surgery: Early arguments against anesthesia in surgery, dentistry and childbirth [D Pearce]
- The Story of Burke and Hare (The West Port murders) (two body snatchers in 19th century Scotland)
- Signals from the Grave - some early patents - American Artefacts
- The Ophthalmoscope and Hermann von Helmholtz [SE Sherman] - Foundation of Amercian Acad of Ophthalmology
- About Louis Braille
- History of Reading Codes for the Blind - Blindness Resource Center
- About Adam Politzer, one of the founders of Otology - Wikipedia
- About Rudolph Leuckart and his parasitological charts.
- The Florence Nightingale Museum - (UK),
and a Selection of Her Letters at Clendening Hist of Med Libr (US).
- The Crimean Doctors: A History of the British Medical Services in the Crimean War [J Shepherd] - via Google Books
- On Victorian Medicine - BBC (UK)
- Photographies 1868 [dermatological images] - Societe Francaise d'Histoire de la Dermatologie
- About James Marion Sims
- Emotions and Disease, an exhibition at NLM/History of Medicine (US),
and the picture Un Lecon Clinique a la Salpetriere (J-L Charcot and Blanche Wittman) [A Brouillet, 1887]
- A Timeline of Mental Illness Treatments - PBS
- Freud: An overview of his ideas
- Sigmund Freud, chronologically - (AT)
- The Freud museum of London - (UK)
- Prescription written for the wife of Sergius Pankejeff, the patient known as the "Wolf-Man [S Freud, Nov 1919],
and a Freud Exhibition - Library of Congress (US)
- Classics in the History of Psychology [CD Green]
- History of Psychology [CG Boeree] - Shippensburg Univ.
- Historic Asylums in America
- The Rorschach Test - Medical Museum exhibit, Univ of Iowa (US)
- About Ivan Pavlov - Nobel.se
- About Guillaume Duchenne - IEEE
- The Phineas Gage Information Page [M Macmillan]
- The American Crowbar Case (Phineas Gage) - Cyber Museum of Neurosurgery
- Phrenology: The History of Brain Localization [RME Sabbatini] - (BR).
- Phrenology and the Fine Arts - Boston College (US)
- MIND and BODY: From Descartes to James and
about the History of Mesmerism etc. [RH Wozniak] - Bryn Mawr College
- Phrenology and Represenations of Physical Deviance in Victorian Fiction [TS Wagner]
- About Dr. Paul Broca
- Measuring Heads [D.R. Johnson] - via Univ. of Leeds (UK)
- Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and Its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier [RM Young]
- The Attraction of Magnetic Medicines [D Odell]
- About Emil Kraepelin - Wikipedia
- Medical Antiques (collection of medical items)
- On the History and Origin of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - (UK)
- On the History of Medicine in Indiana - Ruth Lilly Med Libr (US).
- Medical History of (19th and 20th-century) British India - National Libray of Scotland
- Highlights in the History of U.S. Army Dentistry
- Office of (US Army) Medical History
- Articles related to US Civil War Medicine
and some more articles from the Society of Civil War Surgeons
- About Léopold Ollier [Fischer et al.]
- Classical Herbal Works [H Kress]
- Studies on Bacteria by Ferdinand Julius Cohn (1828-98) - ASM (US)
- The Life and Times of Louis Pasteur [DV Crohn]
- A photo of Pasteur
- A Biography of Louis Pasteur,
about his work,
and the History of the Pasteur Institute [all in French]
- Pasteur on fermenation and the discovery of germs - Harvard Classics, Vol 38, Part 7
- Physiological Theory of Fermentation, 1879 [translated ; L Pasteur]
- Pasteur ou le triomphe médical d'un non-médicin [N Oudar] - Institut Curie (FR).
- On Robert Koch [B Gardner],
about Robert Koch and Anthrax,
and the Nobel Prize presentation 1905 - Nobelprize.org
- Koch's Postulates - MicrobiologyBytes (UK)
- About John Snow and his Cholera Maps [RF Frericks] - UCLA (US)
- About Joseph Lister - answersingenesis.org,
and the history of sterilisation and disinfection - Leeds (UK)
- Joseph Lister & Antiseptic Surgery [B Gardner] - (UK)
- On the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery [J Lister], 1867 - Harvard Classics
- Medical History of Nordhordland - University of Bergen (NO)
- About Thomas Emerson Bond, Jr ("father of oral and maxillofacial pathology")
- Charles Darwin and his Works - (UK)
- The Origin of Species [C Darwin] - Harvard Classics
- About Sir Charles Lyell & Prof. TH Huxley,
and Charles Darwin - (GR)
- The Zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle/Bird Volume - UCLA, LM Darling Biomed Library
- Introduction to Evolutionary Biology [C Colby] from the talk.origins archive (US)
- Rewriting the Book of Nature - Darwin Exhibition at NLM, History of Medicine (US)
- Classic Papers in Genetics [R Robbins],
and A History of Genetics [AH Sturtevant] - Electronic Scholary Publ.
- The (Gregor) Mendel museum at Masaryk Univ. (CZ)
- About Ernst Haeckel - Berkeley (US)
- Brief note about Friedrich Miescher
- Some Manuscripts by Rudolph Virchow - Clendening, History of Medicine, KUMC (US)
- Virchow in Würzburg [photos] - Heidelberg (DE)
- Rudolph Virchow 'visits' the 1990's [E Friedlander]
- About Sir William Osler (1849-1919) - Wikipedia
- Paul Ehrlich - Pharmaceutical Achiever - Magical Bullets/Chemical Heritage Foundation
- About Theodor Boveri - Wuerzburg U. (DE)
- About Friedrich Loeffler [in German] - Wikipedia
- Theodor Boveri: The Life of a Great Biologist 1862-1915 [F Baltzer]
- About Ernst Neumann (1834 - 1918) - Köningsberg (DE)
- Significant Events (in Microbiology) during the last 125 years - American Soc Microbiology
- Milestones in Aspirin History - Bayer AG
- A History of Aspirin [AAJ Andermann] - McGill (CA)
- About Joseph Francois Felix Babinski - Univ of Illinois (US)
- The Discovery of the Electron - American Institute of Physics
- The X-ray Century - December 1896
- The History of X-rays [based on text by B Bowers] - via Xray2000 (UK)
- The Hand of Berta Röntgen, 1885 - via Bibliothque Interuniversitaire de Medecine (FR)
- The Trail of Invisible Light: A Century of Medical Imaging - Medical Museum exhibit, Univ of Iowa (US)
- Inhalatorium [asthma therapy devices]
- Chronology of Science in the US 1790-1910
- The American Encyclopedia of 1851
- Medical Caricature in 19th century England and France - Univ of Virginia, Health Sci Library (US)
- About JFF Babinski, and the Babinski sign [JW Lance]
- The History of Osteopathic Medicine Virtual Museum
--- 20th Century ---
- Medicine and Health: 1900 -- - Public Broadcasting Service
- Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine - (UK)
- Dentist on a Camel: About HV Mattingley - (AU)
- Exhibits at the Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry, Univ of Michigan (US)
- Electronic version of the Dental Comos, a US journal 1859-1936 - Univ of Michigan
- Medicine and Madison Avenue [health-related advertisments] - Duke Univ. (US)
- Significant Events (in Microbiology) of the Last 125 Years - American Soc for Microbiology
- The Nursling [P Budin 1907; translated]
- About Paul Ehrlich,
and Arsphenamine (Salvarsan) - Wikipedia
- About Paul Ehrlich and Chemotherapy - Dodd Memorial Library, Vellore (IN)
- About the Monster Steel Ball at the Cunningham Sanitarium [L Martin] - Lakeside Press
- Brief notes about the Straightjacket and the Utica Crib - Medical Museum exhibit, Univ of Iowa (US)
- Project facade: about Sir H Gillies, facial reconstructive surgery, and World War I [P Hartley]
- A timeline of Blood Transfusion Medicine History - BloodBook.com
- Highlights of the History of Transfusion Medicine - American Assoc. of Blood Banks,
and a biography of Karl Landsteiner [discoverer of blood groups] - Nobel.se
- About Joseph Goldberger and Pellagra - Dodd Memorial Library
- About Sir Ronald Ross and Malaria - Nobelprize.org
- 19-20th Centuries. Specialisations. Malaria. Chemotherapy. Antibiotics. The latest discoveries. Giuseppe Brotzu and cephalosporin - Universita di Cagliari/Bibioteca Biomedica (IT)
- E Rutherford's article on the scattering of alpha particles - Phil Mag, 1911
- The Einstein Archives Online
- Einstein comments on his formula E=mc2 - YouTube
- About V Heisenberg and the Uncertainty Principle
- The Solvay Conference 1927 - a group photo,
and a video clip, via YouTube
- The History of Uranium 1789-1939 [B Goldschmidt] - World Nuclear Assoc.
- Radioactivity: Historical Figures - The Biotech Chronicles (US).
- L'Institute Curie et l'Histoire - (FR),
and about Marie & Pierre Curie [N Fröman]
- On the Discovery of Radium [M Curie] - Modern History SourceBook
- History of Radiology: The first 100 years,
from the British Society for the History of Radiology
- The History of Radiology [SD Klioze] - Univ of Florida (US)
- About Radioactive Quack Cures [PW Frame]
- About R. Sievert and the unit of radiation - Dept. of Med. Radiation Physics, KI-KS (SE)
- On the History of Mass Spectrometry - ACS
- Text and Images from a 1930 Anesthesia Catalogue - John Oyston's site
- The History of Extracorporeal Life Support - Univ of Wisconsin
- The History of the Electroencephalogram [RME Sabbatini] - (BR)
- About the 1938 Model Electron Microscope in Toronto [JHL Watson] - (CA)
- Der Mensch als Industriepalast [F Kahn, 1926] - via NLM (US)
- Milestones in Cardiology - Franklin Institute (US)
- Electricity and the Heart: A Historial Perspective - Heart Rhythm Foundation
- A Brief History of Angioplasty - PTCA
- About Willem Einthoven - The Nobel Foundation
- On the Development of the Cardiopulmonary Bypass Machine - Chemical Engineers' Resource page
- The Blue Baby Operation at Johns Hopkins Hospital 1944 - (US).
- The History of Cardiac Catheterization [CD Lawrence] - Santa Fe Comm Coll (US).
- Pacemaker History ,
and about Earl Bakken - IEEE
- The Relief of Mitral Stenosis [MN Khan] - Texas Heart Inst 1996, via PubMed Central
- Some Pioneers of Heart Surgery - PBS
- History of Minimally Invasive Surgery - Mt Sinai Med C., N.Y. (US)
- History of Laparoscopic Colectomy [Sgambat & Ballantyne]
- Physical Methods of Dermatological Treatment - 1921 (According to Dr. JF Schamberg) [RJ Thomsen]
- From the History of Medical Diagnosis and Diagnostic Imaging - Imaginis/Women's Health
- A short History of the development of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology [3 parts ; J Woo]
- About Rebecca Craighill Lancefield - Rockefeller
- A Short History of Stereotactic Neurosurgery - NeuroSurgery://On-Call
- History of Spinal Surgery - NeuroSurgical Focus, Jan 2004
- History & Evolution of PET [RME Sabbatini] - (BR)
- About the Development of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI - NAS (US)
- Celebrities in Cognitive Science - Univ. of Colorado, School of Education (US)
- Artificial Organ History: A Selective Timeline - Project Bionics, George Mason Univ.
- Photographs of 20th century British doctors [N Sinclair] - BMJ
- Great Canadian Scientists - Vancouver,
and Laureates - The Canadian Medical Hall of Fame
- On the History of Insulin - Wikipedia
- About Sir Fredrick Grant Banting
and Charles Best - Well Known Canadians Page,
the Discovery of Insulin - U of Toronto,
and the The Discovery and Early Development of Insulin - Toronto (CA)
- World War II Combat Medic [D Steinert]
- About Linus Pauling - NLM,
and on The Nature of the Chemical Bond - Oregon State Univ. (US)
- On the History of Sulfonamide - Wikipedia
- Domagk, Fleming, Waksman and the Third Man (on the discovery of anitbiotics) [A Cann] - Univ of Leicester (UK)
- Alexander Fleming's Nobel lecture in 1945,
and an illustration of How Penicillin Kills Bacteria - Cells Alive!
- A Timeline (1939-1994) of AntiBiotics
- About Ernst B. Chain - Nobel.se
- About the History of Penicillin [CJ Wong] - Hawaii (US)
- On the Discovery and History of Penicillin, according to Wikipedia
- Penicillin and Chance [D Allchin] - SHiPS
- Notes from the History of the Discovery of Viruses - Chemical Heritage Foundation
- Milestones in the History of Virology - Principles of Molecular Virology, Academic Press, 2000 - via Univ of Barcelona (ES)
- About Jonas Salk [polio vaccine] - TIME,
and the Archives of Albert B Sabin at Hauck Center, Univ of Cincinnati (US)
- The Autobiography of Baruch S Blumberg - Nobel.se,
and on the History of Hepatitis B - Wikipedia
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism [AE Garrod, 1923] - ESP
- On the History of the Drug Industry [MS Lesney],
and Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering [C Henry] - ACS
- AIDS History Project - UC/SF (US)
- Looking Back at Jenner, Vaccine Developers Prepare for the 21st Century [KS Brown; registration (free) required] - The Scientist (US)
- Moving to Medicines (A historical view of the pharmaceutical industry) [MS Lesney] - Am. Chem Soc.
- Virginia Apgar [K & E Apgar]
- About Virginia Apgar, and her newborn scoring system
- Celebrating 50 Years of Electron Microscopy & Modern Cell Biology - Rockefeller Univ. (US).
- About Lysenkoism [B Carroll] - The Skeptic's Dictionary (US)
- Oswald Theodore Avery - biographic material at NLM/NIH (US)
- History of Genetics Timeline
- About Sir Francis Galton,
and an Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement
- Thomas Hunt Morgan and his Legacy [EB Lewis]
- The Search for DNA - The Birth of Molecular Biology - Access Excellence
- A Brief History of Biotechnology - The Biotech Chronicles (US).
- About Rosalind Franklin - San Diego Supercomputer Center (US)
- Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids, original article by Watson and Crick in Nature, 1953
- Linus Pauling and The Race for DNA - Oregon State Univ. (US)
- On the Discovery of the DNA Structure
and the Restriction Enzymes - Access Excellence (US).
- The Invention of the Genetic Code [B Hayes] - American Scientist 1998
- About Holley, Khorana, Nirenberg and the Genetic Code - Nobel Foundation (SE)
- Deciphering the Genetic Code [M Nirenberg] - NIH exhibit,
and the Marshall Nirenberg Papers - NLM/NIH (US)
- A Brief History of the Human Genome Project ( HUGO ) - CBBC/Dartmouth Coll.
- Some Cloning Milestones - Learning Network
- From the History of Stem Cell Research - UK Stem Cell Foundation
- 'LSD - My Problem Child' [A Hofmann; transl.] - (US)
- About the Discovery of the Role of Endorphines - A Science Odyssey, PBS
- Doctor over Time - A Science Odyssey
- US Nat'l Inventors Hall of Fame
- Ten Great Public Health Achievements - US 1900-99 - CDC/MMWR
- The Complete Base Sequence of Chromosome 22
--- 21st Century ---
- Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome - Nature, Feb 2001
copyright
Tor Ahlenius
